H.H. Kieffer, T. Titus, K. Mullins, P.R. Christensen
Second International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration
August 21-25, 2000
Poster Paper # 4104
The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) has made observations of
the Martian polar regions over the last three years. These observations
are a combination of low resolutions scans (aerobraking observations of
the south pole) and high resolution ``noodles'' (aerobraking observations
of the north pole and all mapping phase observations). This review
summarizes important results to date [1,2], which include:
Both polar caps are mostly dark ice (not frost) prior to
exposure to solar insolation. Figure 1 shows the brightening of
the seasonal cap after sunrise.
The asymmetric recession of the south polar cap is dominated
by albedo variations, especially the Cryptic region, which remains a dark
slab of CO2 throughout its sublimation. [Figures 2a - 2d]
Seasonal cap appearance is largely determined by frost grain
size. The geographic patterns repeat each year. [Figures 2a - 3a]
Cold spots observed during the northern winter are a
spectral-emissivity effect mainly due to surface accumulation of
fine-grained frost or snow; their kinetic temperatures are not
exceptional, as indicated by the 18 um brightness temperatures.
The surface temperatures vary as expected from the variations of
topography as measured with MOLA.
[Figures 4a - 4e]
Cold spots are concentrated near topographic features,
eg. craters, chasma, and slopes of the perennial cap. [Figure 5]
Mapping data has constrained the characteristic time scales
of cold spot formation and dissipation during the polar night; both are a
few days. [Figures 6a - 6c]
References:
[1] Kieffer et al., Jour. Geophys. Res., 105, 9653-9699,
2000.
[2] Titus et al., submitted to Jour. Geophys. Res., 2000.
[3] Smith et al., Science, 279, 1686--1692, 1998.
[4] Barlow, N.G., Icarus, 75, 285--305, 1988.
Figure 1
Lambert Albedo vs. Latitude. The color
indicates the season, where purple is Ls=180° and black is
Ls=190°. Shortly after sunrise, a rapid brightening of the seasonal
cap is seen over a period of 20 sols.
Figure 2a:
South Polar Crocus
Date based on 1999-2000 mapping data. The cap recedes quickly through
across the cryptic region (outlined in yellow in the lower right
quadrant). The latitude lines are spaces 10° apart and 0°
longitude is up.
Figure 2b
IRTM Albedo from 1977. The Ls is
222°. The dark feature inside the seasonal cap is the cryptic region.
Figure 2c:
TES
Albedo data acquired in 1997. The Ls is 221°.
Figure 2d
TES
Albedo data acquired in 1999. The Ls is 221°.
Figure 3aAlbedo vs T18-T25 for Ls=218°
-222°. This plot is a 2-dimensional histogram showing the correlation
between T18 -T25 and albedo. If one assumes that the dust abundance in
the CO2 is relatively constant, then this correlation is due to
variations in the CO2 grain sizes, where dark CO2 is coarse-grained
(or ice) and bright CO2 is finer-grained.
Figure 4a
Location and spectra of
four observed cold spots. The cold spots are labeled A (Ls 253°, rev
89), B (Ls=261°, rev 102), C (Ls=306°, rev 222) and D (Ls
=233°, rev 233). (a) The width of the TES track is exaggerated here.
T18-T25 along tracks of four revs plotted on MOLA elevation
data [3]. The latitude lines are 80° N and 70° N. The
zero degree longitude line is down, increasing clockwise. (b) The cold
spot
, at Ls= 261°. The latitude line is 70° N and the longitude line
is 210° W. North is the lower left corner. (c) Mean spectra from each
of the four cold spots: A (black), B (red), C (green), and D (blue).}
Figure 4b
Cold spots at Ls=253° (Rev 89).
The blue data are T18, the brightness temperature near 18 um, which is a
good indicator of the surface kinetic temperature. The black data are
T25, the brightness temperature in the middle of the 25 um CO2
transparency band, where the emissivity is largely affected by CO2
grain size. The strongest cold spot in this figure is Cold Spot A in
Figure 4a.
Figure 4c
Cold spots at Ls=261° (Rev 102).
The color scheme is the same as Figure 4b. The strongest cold
spot in this figure is Cold Spot B in
Figure 4a
Figure 4d
Cold spots at Ls=306° (Rev 222).
The color scheme is the same as Figure 4b. The strongest cold
spot in this figure is Cold Spot C in
Figure 4a. This cold spot is mostly the result of recent
mid-altitude atmospheric condensation. This data track also shows that
cold spots are very abundant during late winter.
Figure 4e
Cold spots at Ls=309° (Rev 233).
The color scheme is the same as Figure 4b. The strongest cold
spot in this figure is Cold Spot D in Figure 4a
Figure 5
North Polar Cold Spot Spatial
Distribution. Only cold spots where [T18-T25] > 15° are are shown.
(See color bar) The data was acquired over the
Ls ranges 183-218° , 278-317°, and 11-13°. The latitude lines
are 10° apart. 0° longitude is down. The craters are from the
Barlow [4] crater inventory.
Figure 6a
The Current South
Polar Ring
Distribution of Cold Spots: The latitude range is 87° S to 87.2° S.
The seasonal range of the data is Ls=21°~ through Ls=35°.
Regions in the polar ring with warm colors have a higher frequency of
cold spots than the cool colors. The Cold Spot Index is T18-T25, where
warm colors (yellow, orange, and red) are cold spots.
Figure 6b
South Polar Ring
Distribution of Cold Spots: The latitude range is 87° S to 87.2° S
and the seasonal range is Ls=21°~ through Ls=35°. It is clear
that certain longitudes have a higher frequency of cold spots (warm
colors) than other
longitudes (cool colors).
Figure 6c
Southern Polar Cold Spot Lifetime.
This cold spot is located at latitude -87°, longitude 18.2° W. The
peak occurs at Ls = 23.77°. This cold spot appears in a few sols and
decays at a slower rate, but has a half-life of approximately 4 or 5
sols.
Questions should be addressed to Tim Titus
This page last updated Mar 21, 2001.
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